Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events

Autores
Velasco Herrera, V. M.; Soon, W.; Knoska, S.; Özgüç, A.; Velasco Herrera, G.; Yesilyaprak, H.; Babynets, N.; Svanda, M.; Muraközy, J.; Qiu, S.; Riveros Rosas, D.; Connolly, R.; Connolly, M.; Tlatov, A.; Cappellotto, Luiggina
Año de publicación
2025
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
A new daily composite of the solar flare index (SFI) and the hemispherically-resolved versions (hSFI) are presented for 1937 to 2024. The data set confirms that the northern hemisphere (NH) dominated solar flare activity during Solar Cycles 17 to 21, but that the southern hemisphere has dominated from Solar Cycle 22 to present. That said, the highest SFI value occurred in the NH during the recent superstorm of May 2024. In sunspot activity, the “Gnevyshev-Ohl rule” shows that the sum of sunspot numbers during even-numbered cycles is related to those of adjacent odd-numbered cycles. A similar rule appears to apply to SFI. The “Gnevyshev gap” phenomenon where solar maximum activity sometimes has two peaks separated by up to 1–2 years of a gap is confirmed for SFI. Although our data set represents the longest continuous daily data set for solar flare activity to-date, it is known that stronger solar flare events occurred before 1937. Therefore, a brief discussion of earlier solar flare events in the historical record is also provided for context. The statistics of the SFI and hSFI series are compared to other solar and geomagnetic activity indices, including the May and October 2024 solar storms. Statistical analysis of past geomagnetic storms confirms they are more frequent during active cycles and less frequent during solar minima. Strong geomagnetic storms are also more likely to occur during the positive phase of a 1.7 year's quasi-biennial oscillation in solar activity. The likelihood of low-magnetic latitude aurorae seems to have a 30 year periodicity component.
Fil: Velasco Herrera, V. M.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Soon, W.. Institute Of Earth Physics And Space Science; Hungría
Fil: Knoska, S.. Slovak Academy of Sciences. Institute of Botany; Eslovaquia
Fil: Özgüç, A.. Boğaziçi University; Turquía
Fil: Velasco Herrera, G.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Yesilyaprak, H.. Boğaziçi University; Turquía
Fil: Babynets, N.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Svanda, M.. Czech Academy of Sciences; República Checa
Fil: Muraközy, J.. Institute Of Earth Physics And Space Science; Hungría
Fil: Qiu, S.. College Of The Geology Engineering And Geomatics; China
Fil: Riveros Rosas, D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Connolly, R.. Center For Environmental Research And Earth Sciences; Estados Unidos
Fil: Connolly, M.. Center For Environmental Research And Earth Sciences; Estados Unidos
Fil: Tlatov, A.. Kalmyk State University; Rusia
Fil: Cappellotto, Luiggina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina
Materia
SOLAR FLARE INDEX
GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
SOLAR CYCLE
HEMISPHERES
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/
Repositorio
CONICET Digital (CONICET)
Institución
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
OAI Identificador
oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/290642
Acceder
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oai_identifier_str oai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/290642
network_acronym_str CONICETDig
repository_id_str 3498
network_name_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
spelling Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm EventsVelasco Herrera, V. M.Soon, W.Knoska, S.Özgüç, A.Velasco Herrera, G.Yesilyaprak, H.Babynets, N.Svanda, M.Muraközy, J.Qiu, S.Riveros Rosas, D.Connolly, R.Connolly, M.Tlatov, A.Cappellotto, LuigginaSOLAR FLARE INDEXGEOMAGNETIC STORMSSOLAR CYCLEHEMISPHEREShttps://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1A new daily composite of the solar flare index (SFI) and the hemispherically-resolved versions (hSFI) are presented for 1937 to 2024. The data set confirms that the northern hemisphere (NH) dominated solar flare activity during Solar Cycles 17 to 21, but that the southern hemisphere has dominated from Solar Cycle 22 to present. That said, the highest SFI value occurred in the NH during the recent superstorm of May 2024. In sunspot activity, the “Gnevyshev-Ohl rule” shows that the sum of sunspot numbers during even-numbered cycles is related to those of adjacent odd-numbered cycles. A similar rule appears to apply to SFI. The “Gnevyshev gap” phenomenon where solar maximum activity sometimes has two peaks separated by up to 1–2 years of a gap is confirmed for SFI. Although our data set represents the longest continuous daily data set for solar flare activity to-date, it is known that stronger solar flare events occurred before 1937. Therefore, a brief discussion of earlier solar flare events in the historical record is also provided for context. The statistics of the SFI and hSFI series are compared to other solar and geomagnetic activity indices, including the May and October 2024 solar storms. Statistical analysis of past geomagnetic storms confirms they are more frequent during active cycles and less frequent during solar minima. Strong geomagnetic storms are also more likely to occur during the positive phase of a 1.7 year's quasi-biennial oscillation in solar activity. The likelihood of low-magnetic latitude aurorae seems to have a 30 year periodicity component.Fil: Velasco Herrera, V. M.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Soon, W.. Institute Of Earth Physics And Space Science; HungríaFil: Knoska, S.. Slovak Academy of Sciences. Institute of Botany; EslovaquiaFil: Özgüç, A.. Boğaziçi University; TurquíaFil: Velasco Herrera, G.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Yesilyaprak, H.. Boğaziçi University; TurquíaFil: Babynets, N.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Svanda, M.. Czech Academy of Sciences; República ChecaFil: Muraközy, J.. Institute Of Earth Physics And Space Science; HungríaFil: Qiu, S.. College Of The Geology Engineering And Geomatics; ChinaFil: Riveros Rosas, D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Connolly, R.. Center For Environmental Research And Earth Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Connolly, M.. Center For Environmental Research And Earth Sciences; Estados UnidosFil: Tlatov, A.. Kalmyk State University; RusiaFil: Cappellotto, Luiggina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaAmerican Geophysical Union2025-11-09info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11336/290642Velasco Herrera, V. M.; Soon, W.; Knoska, S.; Özgüç, A.; Velasco Herrera, G.; et al.; Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events; American Geophysical Union; Space Weather; 23; 11; 9-11-2025; 1-371542-7390CONICET DigitalCONICETenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025SW004515info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1029/2025SW004515info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas2026-08-25T14:57:54Zoai:ri.conicet.gov.ar:11336/290642instacron:CONICETInstitucionalhttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://ri.conicet.gov.ar/oai/requestdasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:34982026-08-25 14:57:54.723CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicasfalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
title Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
spellingShingle Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
Velasco Herrera, V. M.
SOLAR FLARE INDEX
GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
SOLAR CYCLE
HEMISPHERES
title_short Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
title_full Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
title_fullStr Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
title_full_unstemmed Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
title_sort Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Velasco Herrera, V. M.
Soon, W.
Knoska, S.
Özgüç, A.
Velasco Herrera, G.
Yesilyaprak, H.
Babynets, N.
Svanda, M.
Muraközy, J.
Qiu, S.
Riveros Rosas, D.
Connolly, R.
Connolly, M.
Tlatov, A.
Cappellotto, Luiggina
author Velasco Herrera, V. M.
author_facet Velasco Herrera, V. M.
Soon, W.
Knoska, S.
Özgüç, A.
Velasco Herrera, G.
Yesilyaprak, H.
Babynets, N.
Svanda, M.
Muraközy, J.
Qiu, S.
Riveros Rosas, D.
Connolly, R.
Connolly, M.
Tlatov, A.
Cappellotto, Luiggina
author_role author
author2 Soon, W.
Knoska, S.
Özgüç, A.
Velasco Herrera, G.
Yesilyaprak, H.
Babynets, N.
Svanda, M.
Muraközy, J.
Qiu, S.
Riveros Rosas, D.
Connolly, R.
Connolly, M.
Tlatov, A.
Cappellotto, Luiggina
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv SOLAR FLARE INDEX
GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
SOLAR CYCLE
HEMISPHERES
topic SOLAR FLARE INDEX
GEOMAGNETIC STORMS
SOLAR CYCLE
HEMISPHERES
purl_subject.fl_str_mv https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3
https://purl.org/becyt/ford/1
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv A new daily composite of the solar flare index (SFI) and the hemispherically-resolved versions (hSFI) are presented for 1937 to 2024. The data set confirms that the northern hemisphere (NH) dominated solar flare activity during Solar Cycles 17 to 21, but that the southern hemisphere has dominated from Solar Cycle 22 to present. That said, the highest SFI value occurred in the NH during the recent superstorm of May 2024. In sunspot activity, the “Gnevyshev-Ohl rule” shows that the sum of sunspot numbers during even-numbered cycles is related to those of adjacent odd-numbered cycles. A similar rule appears to apply to SFI. The “Gnevyshev gap” phenomenon where solar maximum activity sometimes has two peaks separated by up to 1–2 years of a gap is confirmed for SFI. Although our data set represents the longest continuous daily data set for solar flare activity to-date, it is known that stronger solar flare events occurred before 1937. Therefore, a brief discussion of earlier solar flare events in the historical record is also provided for context. The statistics of the SFI and hSFI series are compared to other solar and geomagnetic activity indices, including the May and October 2024 solar storms. Statistical analysis of past geomagnetic storms confirms they are more frequent during active cycles and less frequent during solar minima. Strong geomagnetic storms are also more likely to occur during the positive phase of a 1.7 year's quasi-biennial oscillation in solar activity. The likelihood of low-magnetic latitude aurorae seems to have a 30 year periodicity component.
Fil: Velasco Herrera, V. M.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Soon, W.. Institute Of Earth Physics And Space Science; Hungría
Fil: Knoska, S.. Slovak Academy of Sciences. Institute of Botany; Eslovaquia
Fil: Özgüç, A.. Boğaziçi University; Turquía
Fil: Velasco Herrera, G.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Yesilyaprak, H.. Boğaziçi University; Turquía
Fil: Babynets, N.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Svanda, M.. Czech Academy of Sciences; República Checa
Fil: Muraközy, J.. Institute Of Earth Physics And Space Science; Hungría
Fil: Qiu, S.. College Of The Geology Engineering And Geomatics; China
Fil: Riveros Rosas, D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
Fil: Connolly, R.. Center For Environmental Research And Earth Sciences; Estados Unidos
Fil: Connolly, M.. Center For Environmental Research And Earth Sciences; Estados Unidos
Fil: Tlatov, A.. Kalmyk State University; Rusia
Fil: Cappellotto, Luiggina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina
description A new daily composite of the solar flare index (SFI) and the hemispherically-resolved versions (hSFI) are presented for 1937 to 2024. The data set confirms that the northern hemisphere (NH) dominated solar flare activity during Solar Cycles 17 to 21, but that the southern hemisphere has dominated from Solar Cycle 22 to present. That said, the highest SFI value occurred in the NH during the recent superstorm of May 2024. In sunspot activity, the “Gnevyshev-Ohl rule” shows that the sum of sunspot numbers during even-numbered cycles is related to those of adjacent odd-numbered cycles. A similar rule appears to apply to SFI. The “Gnevyshev gap” phenomenon where solar maximum activity sometimes has two peaks separated by up to 1–2 years of a gap is confirmed for SFI. Although our data set represents the longest continuous daily data set for solar flare activity to-date, it is known that stronger solar flare events occurred before 1937. Therefore, a brief discussion of earlier solar flare events in the historical record is also provided for context. The statistics of the SFI and hSFI series are compared to other solar and geomagnetic activity indices, including the May and October 2024 solar storms. Statistical analysis of past geomagnetic storms confirms they are more frequent during active cycles and less frequent during solar minima. Strong geomagnetic storms are also more likely to occur during the positive phase of a 1.7 year's quasi-biennial oscillation in solar activity. The likelihood of low-magnetic latitude aurorae seems to have a 30 year periodicity component.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-11-09
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11336/290642
Velasco Herrera, V. M.; Soon, W.; Knoska, S.; Özgüç, A.; Velasco Herrera, G.; et al.; Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events; American Geophysical Union; Space Weather; 23; 11; 9-11-2025; 1-37
1542-7390
CONICET Digital
CONICET
url http://hdl.handle.net/11336/290642
identifier_str_mv Velasco Herrera, V. M.; Soon, W.; Knoska, S.; Özgüç, A.; Velasco Herrera, G.; et al.; Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events; American Geophysical Union; Space Weather; 23; 11; 9-11-2025; 1-37
1542-7390
CONICET Digital
CONICET
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/url/https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025SW004515
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1029/2025SW004515
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ar/
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv American Geophysical Union
publisher.none.fl_str_mv American Geophysical Union
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname:Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
reponame_str CONICET Digital (CONICET)
collection CONICET Digital (CONICET)
instname_str Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.name.fl_str_mv CONICET Digital (CONICET) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
repository.mail.fl_str_mv dasensio@conicet.gov.ar; lcarlino@conicet.gov.ar
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score 13.265058

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