Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, A...

Autores: Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo; Ruiz, Monica Beatriz; Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael
Año de publicación: 2026
Idioma: inglés
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado: versión publicada
Descripción: The expansion of pistachio cultivation into new environments requires precise phenological characterization to ensure reproductive success and adaptive management. This study aimed to (i) develop a comprehensive BBCH scale for pistachio, (ii) evaluate the reproductive and vegetative development of cultivars ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ under arid conditions of San Juan, Argentina, and (iii) determine the chilling and heat requirements for flowering and fruit maturation. The adapted BBCH scale encompasses 40 detailed developmental stages, covering vegetative growth, flowering, fruit development, ripening, and leaf senescence. This standardized framework integrates and refines previous descriptors, enabling consistent monitoring of both male and female cultivars and facilitating comparisons across studies and environments. Phenological observations were conducted over three seasons (2022–2025) in a commercial orchard located in an arid region south of San Juan Province, combining field surveys with bioclimatic indices. Results revealed marked interannual variability in flowering synchrony associated with chill accumulation. In 2023, insufficient chilling led to delayed and extended male flowering, disrupting overlap with ‘Kerman’. Fruit development showed consistent thermal requirements but advanced markedly in 2024. Overall, the proposed BBCH scale provides a robust framework for monitoring pistachio phenology and supports climate-resilient orchard management and regional suitability assessments.
EEA San Juan
Fil: Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.
Fil: Ruiz, Mónica Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.
Fil: Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina
Fuente: International Journal of Biometeorology 70 : article number 225. (2026)
Materia: Pistacho
Fenología
Etapas de Desarrollo
Pistachios
Phenology
Developmental Stages
Varieties
Arid Zones
Variedades
Zona Arida
San Juan (Argentina)
Nivel de accesibilidad: acceso restringido
Condiciones de uso: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Repositorio
Institución: Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
OAI Identificador: oai:localhost:20.500.12123/27475

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spelling	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, ArgentinaSánchez Cañete, GonzaloRuiz, Monica BeatrizTrentacoste, Eduardo RafaelPistachoFenologíaEtapas de DesarrolloPistachiosPhenologyDevelopmental StagesVarietiesArid ZonesVariedadesZona AridaSan Juan (Argentina)The expansion of pistachio cultivation into new environments requires precise phenological characterization to ensure reproductive success and adaptive management. This study aimed to (i) develop a comprehensive BBCH scale for pistachio, (ii) evaluate the reproductive and vegetative development of cultivars ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ under arid conditions of San Juan, Argentina, and (iii) determine the chilling and heat requirements for flowering and fruit maturation. The adapted BBCH scale encompasses 40 detailed developmental stages, covering vegetative growth, flowering, fruit development, ripening, and leaf senescence. This standardized framework integrates and refines previous descriptors, enabling consistent monitoring of both male and female cultivars and facilitating comparisons across studies and environments. Phenological observations were conducted over three seasons (2022–2025) in a commercial orchard located in an arid region south of San Juan Province, combining field surveys with bioclimatic indices. Results revealed marked interannual variability in flowering synchrony associated with chill accumulation. In 2023, insufficient chilling led to delayed and extended male flowering, disrupting overlap with ‘Kerman’. Fruit development showed consistent thermal requirements but advanced markedly in 2024. Overall, the proposed BBCH scale provides a robust framework for monitoring pistachio phenology and supports climate-resilient orchard management and regional suitability assessments.EEA San JuanFil: Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Ruiz, Mónica Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; ArgentinaSpringer2026-08-20T09:54:12Z2026-08-20T09:54:12Z2026-07-20info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/27475https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-026-03287-11432-12540020-7128https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-026-03287-1International Journal of Biometeorology 70 : article number 225. (2026)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2026-10-01T10:25:44Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/27475instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2026-10-01 10:25:44.791INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina
title	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina
spellingShingle	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo Pistacho Fenología Etapas de Desarrollo Pistachios Phenology Developmental Stages Varieties Arid Zones Variedades Zona Arida San Juan (Argentina)
title_short	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina
title_full	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina
title_fullStr	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina
title_full_unstemmed	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina
title_sort	Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, Argentina
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo Ruiz, Monica Beatriz Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael
author	Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo
author_facet	Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo Ruiz, Monica Beatriz Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael
author_role	author
author2	Ruiz, Monica Beatriz Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael
author2_role	author author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Pistacho Fenología Etapas de Desarrollo Pistachios Phenology Developmental Stages Varieties Arid Zones Variedades Zona Arida San Juan (Argentina)
topic	Pistacho Fenología Etapas de Desarrollo Pistachios Phenology Developmental Stages Varieties Arid Zones Variedades Zona Arida San Juan (Argentina)
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv	The expansion of pistachio cultivation into new environments requires precise phenological characterization to ensure reproductive success and adaptive management. This study aimed to (i) develop a comprehensive BBCH scale for pistachio, (ii) evaluate the reproductive and vegetative development of cultivars ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ under arid conditions of San Juan, Argentina, and (iii) determine the chilling and heat requirements for flowering and fruit maturation. The adapted BBCH scale encompasses 40 detailed developmental stages, covering vegetative growth, flowering, fruit development, ripening, and leaf senescence. This standardized framework integrates and refines previous descriptors, enabling consistent monitoring of both male and female cultivars and facilitating comparisons across studies and environments. Phenological observations were conducted over three seasons (2022–2025) in a commercial orchard located in an arid region south of San Juan Province, combining field surveys with bioclimatic indices. Results revealed marked interannual variability in flowering synchrony associated with chill accumulation. In 2023, insufficient chilling led to delayed and extended male flowering, disrupting overlap with ‘Kerman’. Fruit development showed consistent thermal requirements but advanced markedly in 2024. Overall, the proposed BBCH scale provides a robust framework for monitoring pistachio phenology and supports climate-resilient orchard management and regional suitability assessments. EEA San Juan Fil: Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sánchez Cañete, Gonzalo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina. Fil: Ruiz, Mónica Beatriz. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina. Fil: Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta; Argentina
description	The expansion of pistachio cultivation into new environments requires precise phenological characterization to ensure reproductive success and adaptive management. This study aimed to (i) develop a comprehensive BBCH scale for pistachio, (ii) evaluate the reproductive and vegetative development of cultivars ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ under arid conditions of San Juan, Argentina, and (iii) determine the chilling and heat requirements for flowering and fruit maturation. The adapted BBCH scale encompasses 40 detailed developmental stages, covering vegetative growth, flowering, fruit development, ripening, and leaf senescence. This standardized framework integrates and refines previous descriptors, enabling consistent monitoring of both male and female cultivars and facilitating comparisons across studies and environments. Phenological observations were conducted over three seasons (2022–2025) in a commercial orchard located in an arid region south of San Juan Province, combining field surveys with bioclimatic indices. Results revealed marked interannual variability in flowering synchrony associated with chill accumulation. In 2023, insufficient chilling led to delayed and extended male flowering, disrupting overlap with ‘Kerman’. Fruit development showed consistent thermal requirements but advanced markedly in 2024. Overall, the proposed BBCH scale provides a robust framework for monitoring pistachio phenology and supports climate-resilient orchard management and regional suitability assessments.
publishDate	2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2026-08-20T09:54:12Z 2026-08-20T09:54:12Z 2026-07-20
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format	article
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/27475 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-026-03287-1 1432-1254 0020-7128 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-026-03287-1
url	http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/27475 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-026-03287-1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-026-03287-1
identifier_str_mv	1432-1254 0020-7128
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/restrictedAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
eu_rights_str_mv	restrictedAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Springer
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Springer
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv	International Journal of Biometeorology 70 : article number 225. (2026) reponame:INTA Digital (INTA) instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
reponame_str	INTA Digital (INTA)
collection	INTA Digital (INTA)
instname_str	Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.name.fl_str_mv	INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar
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score	12.854657

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) phenology and thermal requirements: BBCH-based characterization of ‘Kerman’, ‘Peters’, and ‘Amarillo-M’ cultivars in an arid environment of San Juan, A...

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