Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes

Autores
Sauka, Diego Herman; Peralta, Cecilia; Escriche, Baltasar; Fernandez-Göbel, Tadeo; Ocampo, Federico; Santos, Marino; Salas, Augusto; Del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo; Palma, Leopoldo
Año de publicación
2026
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
Bacillus toyonensis is a gram-positive bacterium within the Bacillus cereus group, primarily recognized for its probiotic properties. Recently, a strain designated B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis (Bto_UNVM-94) was reported to produce parasporal crystals with dual insecticidal activity against Cydia pomonella and Anthonomus grandis. In this study, we describe and characterize a previously undescribed strain, B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42, which exhibits nematicidal and nematostatic activity, representing the first report of these effects within this species. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of a large plasmid containing multiple putative pesticidal genes, including five cry genes encoding Cry32-like proteins, two additional cry genes encoding Cry69-like and Cry73-like proteins, three cyt genes encoding Cyt1-like proteins, and two mpp genes encoding Mpp-like proteins. In addition, the genome encodes four chitinases and two proteins with significant similarity to the nematicidal Sep1 protease from Bacillus firmus. Proteomic analysis of parasporal crystals confirmed the expression of Cry32-family proteins. Bioassays showed that strain Bto_UNVM-42 was not toxic to Aedes aegypti, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anthonomus grandis, Cydia pomonella or Drosophila suzukii. In contrast, it exhibited nematicidal activity against Panagrellus redivivus, low but detectable mortality (8%) against Meloidogyne javanica, and a reversible nematostatic effect on Pratylenchus zeae. Taken together, the available bioassay observations and the genomic and proteomic data are consistent with a predominantly enzyme-driven rather than a classical crystal toxin–mediated mode of action. Overall, these findings expand the known biocidal spectrum of B. toyonensis and highlight its potential relevance for the development of biological strategies for nematode management.
Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA)
Fil: Sauka, Diego Herman. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMyZA); Argentina
Fil: Sauka, Diego Herman. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Peralta, Cecilia. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; España
Fil: Escriche, Baltasar. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; España
Fil: Fernandez-Göbel, Tadeo. Elytron Biotech S.A.; Argentina
Fil: Ocampo, Federico. Universidad Catolica. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina
Fil: Santos, Marino. University of Porto. Faculty of Sciences. Department of Biology. LAQV-REQUIMTE. Integrative Biology and Biotechnology (iB2) Laboratory; Portugal
Fil: Salas, Augusto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA) (G.V. al IABIMO); Argentina
Fil: Salas, Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral; Argentina
Fil: Palma, Leopoldo. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; España
Fuente
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 217 : 108595 (July 2026)
Materia
Bacillus
Control Biológico
Nematodos
Biological Control
Nematodes
Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis
δ-endotoxins
Crystal Proteins
Serine Protease Sep1
Nematicidal Activity
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Repositorio
INTA Digital (INTA)
Institución
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
OAI Identificador
oai:localhost:20.500.12123/26735
Acceder
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oai_identifier_str oai:localhost:20.500.12123/26735
network_acronym_str INTADig
repository_id_str l
network_name_str INTA Digital (INTA)
spelling Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodesSauka, Diego HermanPeralta, CeciliaEscriche, BaltasarFernandez-Göbel, TadeoOcampo, FedericoSantos, MarinoSalas, AugustoDel Valle, Eleodoro EduardoPalma, LeopoldoBacillusControl BiológicoNematodosBiological ControlNematodesBacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensisδ-endotoxinsCrystal ProteinsSerine Protease Sep1Nematicidal ActivityBacillus toyonensis is a gram-positive bacterium within the Bacillus cereus group, primarily recognized for its probiotic properties. Recently, a strain designated B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis (Bto_UNVM-94) was reported to produce parasporal crystals with dual insecticidal activity against Cydia pomonella and Anthonomus grandis. In this study, we describe and characterize a previously undescribed strain, B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42, which exhibits nematicidal and nematostatic activity, representing the first report of these effects within this species. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of a large plasmid containing multiple putative pesticidal genes, including five cry genes encoding Cry32-like proteins, two additional cry genes encoding Cry69-like and Cry73-like proteins, three cyt genes encoding Cyt1-like proteins, and two mpp genes encoding Mpp-like proteins. In addition, the genome encodes four chitinases and two proteins with significant similarity to the nematicidal Sep1 protease from Bacillus firmus. Proteomic analysis of parasporal crystals confirmed the expression of Cry32-family proteins. Bioassays showed that strain Bto_UNVM-42 was not toxic to Aedes aegypti, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anthonomus grandis, Cydia pomonella or Drosophila suzukii. In contrast, it exhibited nematicidal activity against Panagrellus redivivus, low but detectable mortality (8%) against Meloidogyne javanica, and a reversible nematostatic effect on Pratylenchus zeae. Taken together, the available bioassay observations and the genomic and proteomic data are consistent with a predominantly enzyme-driven rather than a classical crystal toxin–mediated mode of action. Overall, these findings expand the known biocidal spectrum of B. toyonensis and highlight its potential relevance for the development of biological strategies for nematode management.Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA)Fil: Sauka, Diego Herman. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMyZA); ArgentinaFil: Sauka, Diego Herman. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Peralta, Cecilia. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; EspañaFil: Escriche, Baltasar. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; EspañaFil: Fernandez-Göbel, Tadeo. Elytron Biotech S.A.; ArgentinaFil: Ocampo, Federico. Universidad Catolica. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Santos, Marino. University of Porto. Faculty of Sciences. Department of Biology. LAQV-REQUIMTE. Integrative Biology and Biotechnology (iB2) Laboratory; PortugalFil: Salas, Augusto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA) (G.V. al IABIMO); ArgentinaFil: Salas, Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Palma, Leopoldo. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; EspañaElsevier2026-06-23T09:56:18Z2026-06-23T09:56:18Z2026-07info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/26735https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00222011260006981096-08050022-2011https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108595Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 217 : 108595 (July 2026)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2026-09-24T11:43:22Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/26735instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2026-09-24 11:43:23.68INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
title Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
spellingShingle Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
Sauka, Diego Herman
Bacillus
Control Biológico
Nematodos
Biological Control
Nematodes
Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis
δ-endotoxins
Crystal Proteins
Serine Protease Sep1
Nematicidal Activity
title_short Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
title_full Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
title_fullStr Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
title_full_unstemmed Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
title_sort Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42: A novel strain with potential for the biological control of nematodes
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Sauka, Diego Herman
Peralta, Cecilia
Escriche, Baltasar
Fernandez-Göbel, Tadeo
Ocampo, Federico
Santos, Marino
Salas, Augusto
Del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo
Palma, Leopoldo
author Sauka, Diego Herman
author_facet Sauka, Diego Herman
Peralta, Cecilia
Escriche, Baltasar
Fernandez-Göbel, Tadeo
Ocampo, Federico
Santos, Marino
Salas, Augusto
Del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo
Palma, Leopoldo
author_role author
author2 Peralta, Cecilia
Escriche, Baltasar
Fernandez-Göbel, Tadeo
Ocampo, Federico
Santos, Marino
Salas, Augusto
Del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo
Palma, Leopoldo
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Bacillus
Control Biológico
Nematodos
Biological Control
Nematodes
Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis
δ-endotoxins
Crystal Proteins
Serine Protease Sep1
Nematicidal Activity
topic Bacillus
Control Biológico
Nematodos
Biological Control
Nematodes
Bacillus toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis
δ-endotoxins
Crystal Proteins
Serine Protease Sep1
Nematicidal Activity
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv Bacillus toyonensis is a gram-positive bacterium within the Bacillus cereus group, primarily recognized for its probiotic properties. Recently, a strain designated B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis (Bto_UNVM-94) was reported to produce parasporal crystals with dual insecticidal activity against Cydia pomonella and Anthonomus grandis. In this study, we describe and characterize a previously undescribed strain, B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42, which exhibits nematicidal and nematostatic activity, representing the first report of these effects within this species. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of a large plasmid containing multiple putative pesticidal genes, including five cry genes encoding Cry32-like proteins, two additional cry genes encoding Cry69-like and Cry73-like proteins, three cyt genes encoding Cyt1-like proteins, and two mpp genes encoding Mpp-like proteins. In addition, the genome encodes four chitinases and two proteins with significant similarity to the nematicidal Sep1 protease from Bacillus firmus. Proteomic analysis of parasporal crystals confirmed the expression of Cry32-family proteins. Bioassays showed that strain Bto_UNVM-42 was not toxic to Aedes aegypti, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anthonomus grandis, Cydia pomonella or Drosophila suzukii. In contrast, it exhibited nematicidal activity against Panagrellus redivivus, low but detectable mortality (8%) against Meloidogyne javanica, and a reversible nematostatic effect on Pratylenchus zeae. Taken together, the available bioassay observations and the genomic and proteomic data are consistent with a predominantly enzyme-driven rather than a classical crystal toxin–mediated mode of action. Overall, these findings expand the known biocidal spectrum of B. toyonensis and highlight its potential relevance for the development of biological strategies for nematode management.
Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA)
Fil: Sauka, Diego Herman. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMyZA); Argentina
Fil: Sauka, Diego Herman. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: Peralta, Cecilia. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; España
Fil: Escriche, Baltasar. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; España
Fil: Fernandez-Göbel, Tadeo. Elytron Biotech S.A.; Argentina
Fil: Ocampo, Federico. Universidad Catolica. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina
Fil: Santos, Marino. University of Porto. Faculty of Sciences. Department of Biology. LAQV-REQUIMTE. Integrative Biology and Biotechnology (iB2) Laboratory; Portugal
Fil: Salas, Augusto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA) (G.V. al IABIMO); Argentina
Fil: Salas, Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Fil: del Valle, Eleodoro Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral; Argentina
Fil: Palma, Leopoldo. Universitat de València. Departamento de Genética. Instituto BIOTECMED. Laboratorio de Control Biotecnológico de Plagas; España
description Bacillus toyonensis is a gram-positive bacterium within the Bacillus cereus group, primarily recognized for its probiotic properties. Recently, a strain designated B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis (Bto_UNVM-94) was reported to produce parasporal crystals with dual insecticidal activity against Cydia pomonella and Anthonomus grandis. In this study, we describe and characterize a previously undescribed strain, B. toyonensis biovar Thuringiensis Bto_UNVM-42, which exhibits nematicidal and nematostatic activity, representing the first report of these effects within this species. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of a large plasmid containing multiple putative pesticidal genes, including five cry genes encoding Cry32-like proteins, two additional cry genes encoding Cry69-like and Cry73-like proteins, three cyt genes encoding Cyt1-like proteins, and two mpp genes encoding Mpp-like proteins. In addition, the genome encodes four chitinases and two proteins with significant similarity to the nematicidal Sep1 protease from Bacillus firmus. Proteomic analysis of parasporal crystals confirmed the expression of Cry32-family proteins. Bioassays showed that strain Bto_UNVM-42 was not toxic to Aedes aegypti, Alphitobius diaperinus, Anthonomus grandis, Cydia pomonella or Drosophila suzukii. In contrast, it exhibited nematicidal activity against Panagrellus redivivus, low but detectable mortality (8%) against Meloidogyne javanica, and a reversible nematostatic effect on Pratylenchus zeae. Taken together, the available bioassay observations and the genomic and proteomic data are consistent with a predominantly enzyme-driven rather than a classical crystal toxin–mediated mode of action. Overall, these findings expand the known biocidal spectrum of B. toyonensis and highlight its potential relevance for the development of biological strategies for nematode management.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026-06-23T09:56:18Z
2026-06-23T09:56:18Z
2026-07
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/26735
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201126000698
1096-0805
0022-2011
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108595
url http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/26735
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201126000698
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2026.108595
identifier_str_mv 1096-0805
0022-2011
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 217 : 108595 (July 2026)
reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)
instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
reponame_str INTA Digital (INTA)
collection INTA Digital (INTA)
instname_str Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.name.fl_str_mv INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.mail.fl_str_mv tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar
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