Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Autores
Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián; Darcha, Girmay; Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos; Leite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo; Battaglia, Martín; Süha Uslu, Ömer; Babur, Emre; Maitra, Sagar
Año de publicación
2026
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
We introduce triproximity, a conceptual framework that organizes tree–soil greenhouse gas (GHG) interactions across three spatial dimensions: (i) horizontal distance from tree stems, (ii) vertical soil profile depth, and (iii) structural position relative to tree components including the stem itself as a gas conduit. This addresses a critical and previously unquantified methodological gap in the literature. Despite the inherent spatial heterogeneity of tree-based agricultural systems, where molecular oxygen gradients structured by root macropore networks, rhizosphere demand, and canopy-mediated moisture redistribution govern CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes across distances of just a few meters from the stem, most studies report GHG emissions from single locations without documenting distance from trees, effectively assuming spatial homogeneity where none exists. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed 107 field-based studies identified through a Scopus search (December 2025) of tree-based systems published between 2010 and 2025. Only 37.4% of studies explicitly reported measurement distance from trees, a proportion that has not improved despite a nearly four-fold increase in publication volume since 2020. Through narrative synthesis, we show that CH4 uptake follows the most consistent spatial response, with higher oxidation rates in the near-tree zone across diverse system types; N2O responses are context-dependent and governed by competing substrate availability and moisture controls; and CO2 fluxes show no universal spatial pattern yet respond predictably to specific proximity dimensions once the dominant source term is identified. Stem-level gas transport remains virtually unmeasured across the dataset, likely biasing ecosystem GHG budgets systematically. We propose a minimum triproximity-based sampling protocol for five major tree-based system types and call for journals to adopt spatial reporting as a minimum submission standard. This review was not pre-registered and received no external funding.
EEA Balcarce
Fil: Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina
Fil: Darcha, Girmay. Tigray Agricultural Research Institute. Mekelle Agricultural Research Center; Etiopía
Fil: Darcha, Girmay. Mekelle University. Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection; Etiopía
Fil: Darcha, Girmay. Global Research Alliance; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos. Global Research Alliance; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University; Nigeria
Fil: Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo Leite, Fernanda. Global Research Alliance; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Leite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo. Federal Fluminense University. Geochemistry Department; Brasil
Fil: Battaglia, Martín. Regenerable LLC; Estados Unidos
Fil: Süha Uslu, Ömer. Sütçü İmam University. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Field Crops; Turquía
Fil: Babur, Emre. Sütçü İmam University. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Field Crops; Turquía
Fil: Maitra, Sagar. Centurion University of Technology and Management. Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry; India
Fuente
Oxygen 6 (3) : 27 (September 2026)
Materia
Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero
Agroforestería
Árboles Forestales
Metano
Óxido Nitroso
Revisión Sistemática
Espaciamiento
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Agroforestry
Forest Trees
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Systematic Reviews
Spacing
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Repositorio
INTA Digital (INTA)
Institución
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
OAI Identificador
oai:localhost:20.500.12123/28052
Acceder
id INTADig_cc4f834a088e69c90c697b8d50dba1da
oai_identifier_str oai:localhost:20.500.12123/28052
network_acronym_str INTADig
repository_id_str l
network_name_str INTA Digital (INTA)
spelling Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas EmissionsCambareri, Gustavo SebastiánDarcha, GirmayAwang, Emmanuella-DoekoosLeite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja DorilêoBattaglia, MartínSüha Uslu, ÖmerBabur, EmreMaitra, SagarEmisiones de Gases de Efecto InvernaderoAgroforesteríaÁrboles ForestalesMetanoÓxido NitrosoRevisión SistemáticaEspaciamientoGreenhouse Gas EmissionsAgroforestryForest TreesMethaneNitrous OxideSystematic ReviewsSpacingWe introduce triproximity, a conceptual framework that organizes tree–soil greenhouse gas (GHG) interactions across three spatial dimensions: (i) horizontal distance from tree stems, (ii) vertical soil profile depth, and (iii) structural position relative to tree components including the stem itself as a gas conduit. This addresses a critical and previously unquantified methodological gap in the literature. Despite the inherent spatial heterogeneity of tree-based agricultural systems, where molecular oxygen gradients structured by root macropore networks, rhizosphere demand, and canopy-mediated moisture redistribution govern CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes across distances of just a few meters from the stem, most studies report GHG emissions from single locations without documenting distance from trees, effectively assuming spatial homogeneity where none exists. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed 107 field-based studies identified through a Scopus search (December 2025) of tree-based systems published between 2010 and 2025. Only 37.4% of studies explicitly reported measurement distance from trees, a proportion that has not improved despite a nearly four-fold increase in publication volume since 2020. Through narrative synthesis, we show that CH4 uptake follows the most consistent spatial response, with higher oxidation rates in the near-tree zone across diverse system types; N2O responses are context-dependent and governed by competing substrate availability and moisture controls; and CO2 fluxes show no universal spatial pattern yet respond predictably to specific proximity dimensions once the dominant source term is identified. Stem-level gas transport remains virtually unmeasured across the dataset, likely biasing ecosystem GHG budgets systematically. We propose a minimum triproximity-based sampling protocol for five major tree-based system types and call for journals to adopt spatial reporting as a minimum submission standard. This review was not pre-registered and received no external funding.EEA BalcarceFil: Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; ArgentinaFil: Darcha, Girmay. Tigray Agricultural Research Institute. Mekelle Agricultural Research Center; EtiopíaFil: Darcha, Girmay. Mekelle University. Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection; EtiopíaFil: Darcha, Girmay. Global Research Alliance; Nueva ZelandaFil: Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos. Global Research Alliance; Nueva ZelandaFil: Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University; NigeriaFil: Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo Leite, Fernanda. Global Research Alliance; Nueva ZelandaFil: Leite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo. Federal Fluminense University. Geochemistry Department; BrasilFil: Battaglia, Martín. Regenerable LLC; Estados UnidosFil: Süha Uslu, Ömer. Sütçü İmam University. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Field Crops; TurquíaFil: Babur, Emre. Sütçü İmam University. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Field Crops; TurquíaFil: Maitra, Sagar. Centurion University of Technology and Management. Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry; IndiaMDPI2026-10-09T09:59:49Z2026-10-09T09:59:49Z2026-09info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/28052https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9801/6/3/272673-9801https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen6030027Oxygen 6 (3) : 27 (September 2026)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2026-11-05T11:51:40Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/28052instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2026-11-05 11:51:40.787INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
title Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
spellingShingle Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián
Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero
Agroforestería
Árboles Forestales
Metano
Óxido Nitroso
Revisión Sistemática
Espaciamiento
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Agroforestry
Forest Trees
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Systematic Reviews
Spacing
title_short Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
title_full Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
title_fullStr Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
title_full_unstemmed Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
title_sort Tree Proximity Matters: A Novel Framework for Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián
Darcha, Girmay
Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos
Leite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo
Battaglia, Martín
Süha Uslu, Ömer
Babur, Emre
Maitra, Sagar
author Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián
author_facet Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián
Darcha, Girmay
Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos
Leite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo
Battaglia, Martín
Süha Uslu, Ömer
Babur, Emre
Maitra, Sagar
author_role author
author2 Darcha, Girmay
Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos
Leite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo
Battaglia, Martín
Süha Uslu, Ömer
Babur, Emre
Maitra, Sagar
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero
Agroforestería
Árboles Forestales
Metano
Óxido Nitroso
Revisión Sistemática
Espaciamiento
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Agroforestry
Forest Trees
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Systematic Reviews
Spacing
topic Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero
Agroforestería
Árboles Forestales
Metano
Óxido Nitroso
Revisión Sistemática
Espaciamiento
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Agroforestry
Forest Trees
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Systematic Reviews
Spacing
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv We introduce triproximity, a conceptual framework that organizes tree–soil greenhouse gas (GHG) interactions across three spatial dimensions: (i) horizontal distance from tree stems, (ii) vertical soil profile depth, and (iii) structural position relative to tree components including the stem itself as a gas conduit. This addresses a critical and previously unquantified methodological gap in the literature. Despite the inherent spatial heterogeneity of tree-based agricultural systems, where molecular oxygen gradients structured by root macropore networks, rhizosphere demand, and canopy-mediated moisture redistribution govern CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes across distances of just a few meters from the stem, most studies report GHG emissions from single locations without documenting distance from trees, effectively assuming spatial homogeneity where none exists. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed 107 field-based studies identified through a Scopus search (December 2025) of tree-based systems published between 2010 and 2025. Only 37.4% of studies explicitly reported measurement distance from trees, a proportion that has not improved despite a nearly four-fold increase in publication volume since 2020. Through narrative synthesis, we show that CH4 uptake follows the most consistent spatial response, with higher oxidation rates in the near-tree zone across diverse system types; N2O responses are context-dependent and governed by competing substrate availability and moisture controls; and CO2 fluxes show no universal spatial pattern yet respond predictably to specific proximity dimensions once the dominant source term is identified. Stem-level gas transport remains virtually unmeasured across the dataset, likely biasing ecosystem GHG budgets systematically. We propose a minimum triproximity-based sampling protocol for five major tree-based system types and call for journals to adopt spatial reporting as a minimum submission standard. This review was not pre-registered and received no external funding.
EEA Balcarce
Fil: Cambareri, Gustavo Sebastián. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina
Fil: Darcha, Girmay. Tigray Agricultural Research Institute. Mekelle Agricultural Research Center; Etiopía
Fil: Darcha, Girmay. Mekelle University. Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection; Etiopía
Fil: Darcha, Girmay. Global Research Alliance; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos. Global Research Alliance; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Awang, Emmanuella-Doekoos. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University; Nigeria
Fil: Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo Leite, Fernanda. Global Research Alliance; Nueva Zelanda
Fil: Leite, Fernanda Figueiredo Granja Dorilêo. Federal Fluminense University. Geochemistry Department; Brasil
Fil: Battaglia, Martín. Regenerable LLC; Estados Unidos
Fil: Süha Uslu, Ömer. Sütçü İmam University. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Field Crops; Turquía
Fil: Babur, Emre. Sütçü İmam University. Faculty of Agriculture. Department of Field Crops; Turquía
Fil: Maitra, Sagar. Centurion University of Technology and Management. Department of Agronomy and Agroforestry; India
description We introduce triproximity, a conceptual framework that organizes tree–soil greenhouse gas (GHG) interactions across three spatial dimensions: (i) horizontal distance from tree stems, (ii) vertical soil profile depth, and (iii) structural position relative to tree components including the stem itself as a gas conduit. This addresses a critical and previously unquantified methodological gap in the literature. Despite the inherent spatial heterogeneity of tree-based agricultural systems, where molecular oxygen gradients structured by root macropore networks, rhizosphere demand, and canopy-mediated moisture redistribution govern CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes across distances of just a few meters from the stem, most studies report GHG emissions from single locations without documenting distance from trees, effectively assuming spatial homogeneity where none exists. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed 107 field-based studies identified through a Scopus search (December 2025) of tree-based systems published between 2010 and 2025. Only 37.4% of studies explicitly reported measurement distance from trees, a proportion that has not improved despite a nearly four-fold increase in publication volume since 2020. Through narrative synthesis, we show that CH4 uptake follows the most consistent spatial response, with higher oxidation rates in the near-tree zone across diverse system types; N2O responses are context-dependent and governed by competing substrate availability and moisture controls; and CO2 fluxes show no universal spatial pattern yet respond predictably to specific proximity dimensions once the dominant source term is identified. Stem-level gas transport remains virtually unmeasured across the dataset, likely biasing ecosystem GHG budgets systematically. We propose a minimum triproximity-based sampling protocol for five major tree-based system types and call for journals to adopt spatial reporting as a minimum submission standard. This review was not pre-registered and received no external funding.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026-10-09T09:59:49Z
2026-10-09T09:59:49Z
2026-09
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/28052
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9801/6/3/27
2673-9801
https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen6030027
url http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/28052
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-9801/6/3/27
https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen6030027
identifier_str_mv 2673-9801
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Oxygen 6 (3) : 27 (September 2026)
reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)
instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
reponame_str INTA Digital (INTA)
collection INTA Digital (INTA)
instname_str Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.name.fl_str_mv INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.mail.fl_str_mv tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar
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