The number of tree species on Earth

Autores
Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto; Reich, Peter B.; Gamarra, Javier G.P.; Crowtherh, Tom; Hui, Cang; Morera, Albert; Bastin, Jean-Francois; de-Miguel, Sergio; Jan Nabuurs, Gert; Svenning, Jens -Christian; Peri, Pablo Luis; Liang, Jingjing
Año de publicación
2022
Idioma
inglés
Tipo de recurso
artículo
Estado
versión publicada
Descripción
One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global groundsourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
EEA Santa Cruz
Fil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. Purdue University. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Estados Unidos
Fil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. University of Bologna. Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences.Alma Mater Studiorum; Italia
Fil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. Tomsk State University. Biological Institute; Rusia.
Fil: Reichd, Peter B. University of Minnesota. Department of Forest Resources; Estados Unidos
Fil: Reichd, Peter B. University of Michigan. Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability; Estados Unidos
Fil: Reichd, Peter B. Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Australia.
Fil: Gamarra, Javier G. P. FAO. Forestry Department; Italia
Fil: Crowtherh, Tom. Institute of Integrative Biology; Suiza
Fil: Hui, Cang. Stellenbosch University. iCentre for Invasion Biology. Department of Mathematical Sciences; Sudáfrica
Fil: Hui, Cang. African Institute for Mathematical Sciences. Mathematical Biology Unit; Sudáfrica
Fil: Morera, Albert. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences; España
Fil: Morera, Albert. Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA; España
Fil: Bastin, Jean-Francois. University of Liege. TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Bélgica
Fil: de-Miguel, Sergio. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences; España
Fil: de-Miguel, Sergio. Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA; España
Fil: Jan Nabuurs, Gert. Wageningen University. Research Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group; Países Bajos
Fil: Svenning, Jens -Christian. Aarhus University. Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE). Department of Biology; Dinamarca
Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.
Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.
Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.
Fil: Liang, Jingjing. Purdue University. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Estados Unidos
Fuente
PNAS 119 (6) : e2115329119 (2022)
Materia
Forest Ecosystems
Biodiversity
Trees
Forest Biodiversity
Ecosystem Services
Anthropogenic Changes
Vulnerability
Ecosistemas Forestales
Biodiversidad
Árboles
Biodiversidad Forestal
Servicios de los Ecosistemas
Cambios Antropogénicos
Vulnerabilidad
Bioma
Escala Global
Riqueza de Especies
Biome
Overall Scale
Richness Species
Nivel de accesibilidad
acceso abierto
Condiciones de uso
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Repositorio
INTA Digital (INTA)
Institución
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
OAI Identificador
oai:localhost:20.500.12123/11132
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spelling The number of tree species on EarthCazzolla Gatti, RobertoReich, Peter B.Gamarra, Javier G.P.Crowtherh, TomHui, CangMorera, AlbertBastin, Jean-Francoisde-Miguel, SergioJan Nabuurs, GertSvenning, Jens -ChristianPeri, Pablo LuisLiang, JingjingForest EcosystemsBiodiversityTreesForest BiodiversityEcosystem ServicesAnthropogenic ChangesVulnerabilityEcosistemas ForestalesBiodiversidadÁrbolesBiodiversidad ForestalServicios de los EcosistemasCambios AntropogénicosVulnerabilidadBiomaEscala GlobalRiqueza de EspeciesBiomeOverall ScaleRichness SpeciesOne of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global groundsourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.EEA Santa CruzFil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. Purdue University. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Estados UnidosFil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. University of Bologna. Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences.Alma Mater Studiorum; ItaliaFil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. Tomsk State University. Biological Institute; Rusia.Fil: Reichd, Peter B. University of Minnesota. Department of Forest Resources; Estados UnidosFil: Reichd, Peter B. University of Michigan. Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability; Estados UnidosFil: Reichd, Peter B. Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Australia.Fil: Gamarra, Javier G. P. FAO. Forestry Department; ItaliaFil: Crowtherh, Tom. Institute of Integrative Biology; SuizaFil: Hui, Cang. Stellenbosch University. iCentre for Invasion Biology. Department of Mathematical Sciences; SudáfricaFil: Hui, Cang. African Institute for Mathematical Sciences. Mathematical Biology Unit; SudáfricaFil: Morera, Albert. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences; EspañaFil: Morera, Albert. Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA; EspañaFil: Bastin, Jean-Francois. University of Liege. TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; BélgicaFil: de-Miguel, Sergio. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences; EspañaFil: de-Miguel, Sergio. Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA; EspañaFil: Jan Nabuurs, Gert. Wageningen University. Research Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group; Países BajosFil: Svenning, Jens -Christian. Aarhus University. Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE). Department of Biology; DinamarcaFil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Liang, Jingjing. Purdue University. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Estados UnidosNational Academy of Sciences2022-02-14T10:55:00Z2022-02-14T10:55:00Z2022-02-08info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:ar-repo/semantics/articuloapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/11132https://www.pnas.org/content/119/6/e2115329119Cazzolla Gatti R.; Reich P.B.; Gamarra J.G.P.; Crowther T.; Hui C.; Morera Marra A.; Bastin J-F.; (…); Peri P.L.; et al. (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. PNAS 119(6): e2115329119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115329119.0027-8424 (print)1091-6490 (online)https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119PNAS 119 (6) : e2115329119 (2022)reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariaenginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)2026-09-24T11:36:59Zoai:localhost:20.500.12123/11132instacron:INTAInstitucionalhttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/Organismo científico-tecnológicoNo correspondehttp://repositorio.inta.gob.ar/oai/requesttripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.arArgentinaNo correspondeNo correspondeNo correspondeopendoar:l2026-09-24 11:37:00.731INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuariafalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The number of tree species on Earth
title The number of tree species on Earth
spellingShingle The number of tree species on Earth
Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto
Forest Ecosystems
Biodiversity
Trees
Forest Biodiversity
Ecosystem Services
Anthropogenic Changes
Vulnerability
Ecosistemas Forestales
Biodiversidad
Árboles
Biodiversidad Forestal
Servicios de los Ecosistemas
Cambios Antropogénicos
Vulnerabilidad
Bioma
Escala Global
Riqueza de Especies
Biome
Overall Scale
Richness Species
title_short The number of tree species on Earth
title_full The number of tree species on Earth
title_fullStr The number of tree species on Earth
title_full_unstemmed The number of tree species on Earth
title_sort The number of tree species on Earth
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto
Reich, Peter B.
Gamarra, Javier G.P.
Crowtherh, Tom
Hui, Cang
Morera, Albert
Bastin, Jean-Francois
de-Miguel, Sergio
Jan Nabuurs, Gert
Svenning, Jens -Christian
Peri, Pablo Luis
Liang, Jingjing
author Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto
author_facet Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto
Reich, Peter B.
Gamarra, Javier G.P.
Crowtherh, Tom
Hui, Cang
Morera, Albert
Bastin, Jean-Francois
de-Miguel, Sergio
Jan Nabuurs, Gert
Svenning, Jens -Christian
Peri, Pablo Luis
Liang, Jingjing
author_role author
author2 Reich, Peter B.
Gamarra, Javier G.P.
Crowtherh, Tom
Hui, Cang
Morera, Albert
Bastin, Jean-Francois
de-Miguel, Sergio
Jan Nabuurs, Gert
Svenning, Jens -Christian
Peri, Pablo Luis
Liang, Jingjing
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Forest Ecosystems
Biodiversity
Trees
Forest Biodiversity
Ecosystem Services
Anthropogenic Changes
Vulnerability
Ecosistemas Forestales
Biodiversidad
Árboles
Biodiversidad Forestal
Servicios de los Ecosistemas
Cambios Antropogénicos
Vulnerabilidad
Bioma
Escala Global
Riqueza de Especies
Biome
Overall Scale
Richness Species
topic Forest Ecosystems
Biodiversity
Trees
Forest Biodiversity
Ecosystem Services
Anthropogenic Changes
Vulnerability
Ecosistemas Forestales
Biodiversidad
Árboles
Biodiversidad Forestal
Servicios de los Ecosistemas
Cambios Antropogénicos
Vulnerabilidad
Bioma
Escala Global
Riqueza de Especies
Biome
Overall Scale
Richness Species
dc.description.none.fl_txt_mv One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global groundsourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
EEA Santa Cruz
Fil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. Purdue University. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Estados Unidos
Fil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. University of Bologna. Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences.Alma Mater Studiorum; Italia
Fil: Cazzolla Gatti, Roberto. Tomsk State University. Biological Institute; Rusia.
Fil: Reichd, Peter B. University of Minnesota. Department of Forest Resources; Estados Unidos
Fil: Reichd, Peter B. University of Michigan. Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability; Estados Unidos
Fil: Reichd, Peter B. Western Sydney University. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment; Australia.
Fil: Gamarra, Javier G. P. FAO. Forestry Department; Italia
Fil: Crowtherh, Tom. Institute of Integrative Biology; Suiza
Fil: Hui, Cang. Stellenbosch University. iCentre for Invasion Biology. Department of Mathematical Sciences; Sudáfrica
Fil: Hui, Cang. African Institute for Mathematical Sciences. Mathematical Biology Unit; Sudáfrica
Fil: Morera, Albert. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences; España
Fil: Morera, Albert. Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA; España
Fil: Bastin, Jean-Francois. University of Liege. TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Bélgica
Fil: de-Miguel, Sergio. University of Lleida. Department of Crop and Forest Sciences; España
Fil: de-Miguel, Sergio. Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA; España
Fil: Jan Nabuurs, Gert. Wageningen University. Research Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group; Países Bajos
Fil: Svenning, Jens -Christian. Aarhus University. Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE). Department of Biology; Dinamarca
Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.
Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.
Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.
Fil: Liang, Jingjing. Purdue University. Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; Estados Unidos
description One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global groundsourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022-02-14T10:55:00Z
2022-02-14T10:55:00Z
2022-02-08
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
info:ar-repo/semantics/articulo
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/11132
https://www.pnas.org/content/119/6/e2115329119
Cazzolla Gatti R.; Reich P.B.; Gamarra J.G.P.; Crowther T.; Hui C.; Morera Marra A.; Bastin J-F.; (…); Peri P.L.; et al. (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. PNAS 119(6): e2115329119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115329119.
0027-8424 (print)
1091-6490 (online)
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
url http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12123/11132
https://www.pnas.org/content/119/6/e2115329119
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119
identifier_str_mv Cazzolla Gatti R.; Reich P.B.; Gamarra J.G.P.; Crowther T.; Hui C.; Morera Marra A.; Bastin J-F.; (…); Peri P.L.; et al. (2022) The number of tree species on Earth. PNAS 119(6): e2115329119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115329119.
0027-8424 (print)
1091-6490 (online)
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv National Academy of Sciences
publisher.none.fl_str_mv National Academy of Sciences
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv PNAS 119 (6) : e2115329119 (2022)
reponame:INTA Digital (INTA)
instname:Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
reponame_str INTA Digital (INTA)
collection INTA Digital (INTA)
instname_str Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.name.fl_str_mv INTA Digital (INTA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
repository.mail.fl_str_mv tripaldi.nicolas@inta.gob.ar
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score 12.754232

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